Ultrasound Registry Review (URR) Abdomen Practice Exam

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• Which benign lesion is associated with tuberous sclerosis and may show a propagation speed artifact known as 'broken diaphragm' on ultrasound?
• A tiny outpouching aneurysm usually found in the cerebrum and splanchnic arteries is called what?
• Which tumor is most likely to metastasize to the lungs?
• Which hormone is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas?
• In transverse view, which round anechoic structure is lateral to each thyroid lobe?
• Which zone is the predominant site of BPH?
• Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis is characterized by destruction of renal parenchyma with lipid-laden macrophages and phlegmon formation; is usually unilateral and may be associated with what finding?
• Echinococcal cyst is also known as which term?
• Caroli disease is associated with which kidney condition?
• Acute epididymitis in men under 35 is most commonly caused by which infection?
• Autosomal recessive disorders of glycogen metabolism are collectively known as what?
• Which description best matches a saccular aneurysm?
• A common symptom associated with nephrolithiasis is
• What ultrasound appearance is most typical for malignant splenic pathology?
• Congestive splenomegaly arises from which pathophysiology?
• A simple testicular cyst less than 2 cm is thought to originate from the rete testis. Where is it located?
• Choledochal cyst is usually associated with which ethnicity?
• Renal corticomedullary abscess is typically caused by which route of infection?
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis is described as overgrowth of fibrous tissue around which structure?
• Red pulp accounts for about what percentage of splenic tissue?
• Which condition is associated with immunosuppressive therapy and Epstein-Barr virus causing B lymphocyte proliferation after transplantation?
• The greater omentum is defined as which of the following?
• Which biliary pathology is represented by an enlarged, non-diseased gallbladder due to obstruction of the CBD and is commonly associated with a pancreatic head mass?
• Which is a clinical feature of Cushing Disease (second listing in the material)?
• What is the average length of the kidney?
• Which cell type dominates the liver lobule?
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis is commonly associated with which condition?
• Which statement best describes Addison disease?
• Which statement is true regarding the relationship of pancreatic adenocarcinoma to biliary obstruction?
• Leriche syndrome is the alias for which condition?
• Which renal artery courses posterior to the aorta and anterior to the SMA?
• What is the most common malignant breast mass?
• Which ligament forms the margins of the bare area of the liver by attaching to the diaphragm?
• Which statement about Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is true?
• Which condition presents with calcium deposits in the parenchyma, most commonly in the medulla/pyramids?
• Which statement best describes fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma in the scrotal region?
• The most common finding in hepatic congestion is?
• In Mixed Germ Cell Tumors, which two histologies are most commonly found together?
• What is the white fibrous capsule surrounding the testes?
• Which serous cystadenoma variant has a strong malignancy risk and can progress to cystadenocarcinoma?
• Which vascular liver disorder is associated with dilation of the hepatic artery up to 10 mm and multiple dilated tubular structures with color flow?
• Which renal abscess presents as a hypoechoic, complex mass with irregular borders, fluid/debris levels, thick walls, and gas causing ring-down?
• Renal anomaly associated with bicornuate uterus or seminal vesicle agenesis?
• Which of the following is the second most common cause of cirrhosis?
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism is typically caused by which underlying issue?
• Tests done for diagnosis include indirect hemagglutination, ELISA, and Casoni test. These tests support diagnosis of which liver pathology?
• Bilateral inflammation of glomeruli, a late complication of throat infections like pharyngitis, with foggy urine and more common in children and males, is which condition?
• Which is a common complication of epididymo-orchitis?
• Which liver disease typically shows cysts that communicate with the biliary tree?
• Echogenic foci with dirty shadowing and ring-down artifact on ultrasound are most characteristic of which finding?
• CA72-4 is elevated most notably in which cancer?
• Normal parathyroid width is which of the following?
• Which arteries course through the parenchyma to deliver oxygenated blood to the testicular tissues and are evaluated with Doppler for perfusion, typically showing low resistance and high volume flow?
• Exophthalmos is a feature most commonly associated with which condition?
• What is the most common symptom of renal cell carcinoma?
• Recanalization of which structure forms a portosystemic collateral commonly seen in cirrhosis?
• Testicular cyst? Rare; Can be single or multiple; May contain septations or hemorrhage; difficult to differentiate from tunica albuginea cyst
• Which statement best describes aldosterone’s primary effect in primary hyperaldosteronism?
• Which type of aneurysm demonstrates a narrow neck?
• Which hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland that helps regulate fluid levels by changes in water permeability?
• Distal splenic vein to renal vein shunt is known as which shunt?
• Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid malignancy.
• Glycogen Storage Disease Type I is also known by which disease?
• Hepatic jaundice is caused by which condition?
• Which marker increases with biliary obstruction from tumors, cholelithiasis, biliary atresia, and hepatocellular disease (elevated)?
• Increased levels of PTH and increased serum calcium are characteristic of which hyperparathyroidism?
• Which renal cyst does not connect to the collecting system and bulges into the central sinus?
• What is the most common risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma?
• Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly associated with Conn syndrome?
• A bladder anomaly that presents as a cyst along the urachal tract connecting the bladder to the umbilicus is called what?
• What type of cholangiocarcinoma occurs at the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts within the liver?
• Which adrenal gland is triangle-shaped?
• The main pancreatic duct is also known as which duct?
• Which term describes an abdominal organ arrangement with no clear pattern?
• Which combination of sonographic features strongly suggests a malignant thyroid nodule?
• Which biomarker has been described as being conjugated by the liver for digestive use?
• Which renal lesion is a benign fatty tumor most commonly found in the right kidney and often asymptomatic?
• What is the most common primary malignant tumor of the pancreas?
• Which group includes mixed malignant germ cell tumors, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, and choriocarcinoma?
• Pancreatic adenocarcinoma most often occurs in which part of the pancreas?
• Which tendon is most commonly ruptured?
• What is the most common scrotal mass?
• Which lab value is typically increased within 48 hours of onset of acute pancreatitis?
• In ultrasound assessment, hepatomegaly with a hyperechoic and mildly heterogeneous liver is most characteristic of which stage of cirrhosis?
• Which vessel is typically the most posterior among major abdominal vessels?
• Which enzyme digests fats?
• Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas most often occurs in which region?
• Which hepatic fissure divides the right and left lobes and contains the middle hepatic vein?
• Which hepatic ligament helps define the diaphragmatic bare area by connecting to the diaphragm at its margins?
• Which term best describes serous cystadenoma as a cluster of grape-like cysts?
• No intrahepatic segment of the IVC is seen with ______.
• Renal lymphatic cysts in the central sinus of the kidney that are usually multiple are called which?
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome results from gastrin-secreting tumors leading to what symptom?
• What is the most common type of abdominal branch aneurysm?
• Among dissecting aneurysm types, which has the lowest mortality rate?
• What is the most common cause of splenomegaly?
• Islet cell tumors are also known as ...
• Aneurysms have significant rupture risk when they exceed what size?
• A liver transplant in adults is most commonly performed due to which condition?
• In malignant liver pathology, a history of a primary cancer with RUQ pain, weight loss, ascites, jaundice, and elevated LFTs/ALP/AFP/direct bilirubin with multiple masses suggests which diagnosis?
• Which autosomal recessive disorder causes lipid-laden macrophages and often presents with an enlarged spleen greater than 18 cm?
• Hepatoblastoma typically occurs before age 2 and is associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, often presenting with abdominal enlargement, hepatomegaly, and increased AFP. Which diagnosis fits?
• Pus in the collecting system with infection in an obstructed system is characteristic of which condition?
• Which gland grows as a thymus in early life and then undergoes fatty replacement after puberty?
• Normal length of the liver is ______.
• Which renal structure performs blood filtration?
• In primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), ACTH levels are typically:
• Emboli material lodging in digital arteries causing cyanosis of distal tissues is known as which condition?
• The Whipple procedure is used to treat tumors in which pancreatic region?
• Hemoglobin from RBCs are passed to the ________ for storage and bile production.
• Which structure’s function is to manipulate the position of the testicles in the scrotum?
• The most common cause of chronic renal failure is
• Most primary cancers of the thyroid originate from which cells?
• The most common manifestation of MEN syndromes is which condition?
• What is the average neonatal kidney length?
• What enzyme is important for regulating sodium and water retention and helps regulate blood pressure?
• What is the most common cause of splenic rupture?
• Which is the most common location of ectopic thyroid tissue in the neck?
• Which condition is characterized by irreversible fibrosis, progression to end-stage renal failure, significant proteinuria, and kidney atrophy?
• Which diverticulum protrudes from the anterolateral wall of the cervical esophagus?
• Normal length of the epididymis?
• What laboratory finding is a hallmark of hemolytic anemia?
• Reabsorption occurs in which region of the kidney?
• The Eiffel Tower sign on ultrasound refers to shadowing from which area?
• Which scrotal pathology is >85% benign, commonly occurs in 5-10 years or 30-60 years, presents as a painless palpable mass with normal AFP and bhCG, and may produce testosterone (estrogen sometimes)?
• In Mixed Germ Cell Tumors, which component is most commonly associated with teratoma?
• Which is the second most common benign liver mass?
• Which type of renal failure is associated with intrinsic (infrarenal) kidney pathology?
• Which lesion usually occurs adjacent to the gallbladder fossa and can mimic malignancy?
• Which tumor is the most aggressive non-seminomatous germ cell tumor?
• Localized collection of bile, often due to gallbladder perforation, surgery, or trauma, is called what?
• Which statement best describes intra-testicular masses?
• Which lesion is typically solitary and less than 3 cm in the right lobe subcapsular?
• Which autosomal recessive disorder causes the pancreas to secrete thick mucus, inhibiting exocrine function and leading to a small fibrotic pancreas with echogenic fatty replacement?
• On ultrasound, partial thickness tears are difficult to distinguish from which condition?
• Chronic pancreatitis is described as which of the following?
• Which medication is commonly used to treat hypothyroidism?
• In pseudopancreatitis, the pancreas may appear normal on ultrasound approximately what fraction of cases?
• A hematoma located between the renal cortex and the capsule is called which type?
• Focal pancreatitis is also known as which condition?
• Malakoplakia of the kidney is typically associated with which organism and presentation?
• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is increased in which cancers?
• Which description correctly defines Phrygian cap?
• What imaging findings are characteristic of papillary necrosis?
• Which benign pancreatic lesion may obstruct the pancreatic duct?
• White pulp contains clusters of lymphatic tissue (Malpighian corpuscles) that form a sheath around the splenic artery and produce lymphocytes.
• Which statement is true about focal fatty changes of the liver?
• In an early hydatid cyst, the debris is described as which phenomenon?
• Peritoneal dialysis uses
• Which renal anomaly results in a single kidney on one side of the body?
• Normal parathyroid length is which of the following?
• Which gland wraps around the mandibular ramus and lies anterior to the ear?
• Which zone accounts for about 5% of the glandular tissue?
• 1-2 cm masses of ectopic pancreatic tissue can be located in which sites?
• Which finding is a localized collection of bile following gallbladder perforation or biliary surgery?
• CA 19-9 is associated with which conditions?
• Which bilirubin form is described by bilirubin plus glucuronoride?
• In sickle cell disease, what is the described progression of splenic size from early life to childhood?
• Which thyroid cancer is often bilateral?
• The muscles that are anteriomedial to the thyroid gland are the?
• The five 'F's are associated with gallstones. Which of the following is one of the five F's?
• Which tumor in children is typically associated with elevated AFP and normal bhCG?
• Malpighian corpuscles are found in which splenic tissue component?
• Congestive splenomegaly is also known as which syndrome?
• A high AST/ALT ratio is seen with higher liver damage in which conditions?
• Splenic pathology in AIDS patients is most commonly associated with which anemia?
• Which enzyme digests proteins?
• A main portal vein velocity less than 30 cm/s is associated with liver shunt failure?
• Which is a rare congenital malformation with multiple cysts with septations beginning at the mediastinum testis area and extending into the parenchyma, seen with renal agenesis or dysplasia?
• Which ligament separates the medial and lateral left lobes and is the remnant of the umbilical vein?
• Which thyroid cancer secretes calcitonin?
• Which finding is associated with epididymal inflammation or trauma and shows multiple tiny cysts in the mediastinum testis with no color flow?
• Which zone contains about 70% of the glandular tissue?
• Which condition describes an abnormal spleen location with the liver on the left and stomach on the right, requiring a specific term?
• Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is seen in which conditions?
• Which feature is characteristic of a late hydatid cyst?
• Increased with acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, mets, Reye syndrome.
• What is the normal splenic volume index (SVI) range?
• Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by which pathology?
• A renal abscess that forms in the parenchyma due to hematogenous spread of Staphylococcus aureus is called which?
• Which form is the benign form of pancreatic serous cystadenoma that is microcystic and typically smaller than 2 cm?
• On ultrasound, which renal tumor characteristically presents as a solid isoechoic mass with hemorrhage and necrosis, central scar, mass effect, renal vein thrombus, and progressive invasion?
• The lesser sac is the peritoneal cavity space located between which organs?
• Painful hyperthyroidism in the first 4 to 6 weeks is a characteristic of which disease?
• Fournier gangrene is necrotizing fasciitis involving which regions?
• Which zone lines the proximal prostatic urethra?
• Which splenic pathology is commonly seen in AIDS patients according to the material?
• What is the average width of the kidney?
• Pneumobilia can be a complication of which procedure?
• Which imaging finding is most characteristic of scrotal hernia?
• Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome is characterized by intermittent compression of which artery?
• CCAM Type I is defined by which feature?
• Which bilirubin form is not conjugated by the liver for digestive use?
• Which Doppler sign indicates damped infrarenal flow?
• Pyloric stenosis most commonly occurs in which population?
• Cholangiocarcinoma arises from which part of the biliary duct wall?
• Macrocystic serous cystadenoma is defined as cysts larger than 2 cm. Which descriptor defines this form?
• Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome is caused by compression of the celiac axis by which structure?
• Which ultrasound description best fits a seminoma?
• The #1 cause of urinary obstruction in newborn males is which condition?
• The absence of the intrahepatic IVC segment is best described as ______.
• Nephrolithiasis ultrasound finding most characteristic
• Leukemia is cancer of which blood cells?
• Which aneurysm type is described as a localized outpouching that may have a small stalk?
• Which lesion spontaneously regresses before age 2?
• Which artery courses along the testicular periphery and is the source for centripetal arteries?
• The structure formed by the tunica albuginea is the
• When the splenic vein or SMV measures greater than which diameter is portal hypertension suspected?
• Which is described as the second most common testicular tumor found in infants and young children?
• Which renal pathology is commonly associated with stag-horn calculus and hydronephrosis?
• Adrenal hemorrhage most commonly occurs in which population?
• Brachytherapy is the surgical implantation of radioactive seeds into the prostate.
• Hyperpigmentation is a feature of Addison disease due to elevated ACTH.
• Wilms tumor is also known as what?
• What is the most common scrotal mass?
• Which pathology involves pockets within the gallbladder wall that can harbor cholesterol crystals, forming diverticula?
• Splenomegaly is defined as splenic length greater than what measurement?
• Which type of pleural effusion is characterized by fluid with low protein and low LDH, typically associated with CHF, liver, and kidney disease?
• Which artery originates from the internal iliac artery and feeds the epididymis and vas deferens, with high resistance (RI > 0.75)?
• Congestive splenomegaly is best described as:
• Which condition is most likely to cause obstructive jaundice when differentiating from hepatic jaundice by CBD measurement?
• What is the second most common testicular metastatic neoplasm?
• Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is associated with which splenic lesion?
• Which type of choledochal cyst corresponds to a choledochocele located in the intraduodenal portion of the duct?
• Which malignant scrotal pathology typically presents as bilateral, homogeneous hypoechoic tissue replacing the testicular parenchyma with increased vascularity and rare hemorrhage or necrosis?
• Acute epididymitis in men over 35 is most commonly caused by which infection?
• The most common cause of splenomegaly is?
• What is the most common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in patients over 40?
• A cystic structure on the lateral neck at the angle of the mandible under the sternocleidomastoid muscle, formed from the remnant of the 2nd brachial cleft, is which?
• Which spleen anomaly is characterized by the inferior portion located posterolateral to the upper pole of the left kidney and can mimic a mass?
• Which vessel carries 80% of all blood into the liver?
• Floating (Ectopic) gallbladder is characterized by which description?
• Which pancreatic cystic neoplasm is larger, loculated, with debris and calcifications, and has greater malignant potential than serous cystadenoma?
• Nutcracker syndrome involves compression of the left renal vein between which two structures?
• Renal failure contributes to which form of hyperparathyroidism?
• A liver mass commonly associated with HIV/AIDS that may involve the lymphatic system is usually which tumor?
• A stone lodged in the cystic duct causing compression of the common hepatic duct is most consistent with which biliary pathology?
• Graf classification in hip ultrasound is based on the position of the femoral head relative to the acetabulum and uses which angles?
• Increase GGTP + ALT indicates which type of disease?
• Splenomegaly is defined as splenic length greater than how many centimeters?
• What type of hypertension is defined as unresponsive to medication?
• What is the ultrasound appearance of an acute splenic infarct?
• Normal AP measurement of the thyroid isthmus is between which values?
• In Crossed Fused Renal Ectopia, the kidneys are fused on which side of the body?
• Organs are reversed in mirror image formation, liver on left, stomach and spleen on right. Which term is this?
• What is the most common malignant cause of biliary ductal obstruction?
• The signs of liver shunt failure are categorized into which two general groups?
• Aldosterone-producing tumors arise from which adrenal region?
• In elastography, which statement best describes benign nodules?
• Epididymal tuberculosis on ultrasound may show which of the following features?
• Which statement best describes intussusception in children?
• Flat muscle posterior lateral to the psoas and immediately posterior to the kidney
• On Doppler ultrasound, torsion characteristically shows which intratesticular finding?
• NOT elevated with isolated biliary obstruction.
• Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?
• Adrenal Cortical Cancer is best described by which statement?
• Amebic abscess is usually associated with which diaphragmatic finding?
• Type of cholecystitis? Associated with gallstones; 90% of cases; Females.
• Which structure secretes renin as part of renal regulation?
• What does PET stand for in the context of pancreatic tumors?
• The term for a focal dilation of the aorta greater than 3 cm is which of the following?
• Grey Turner sign refers to ecchymosis over which region?
• Which adrenal cortex layer produces mineralocorticoids?
• Which lesion is the most common tumor of the hand?
• Ingestion of eggs from Echinococcus can lead to which liver lesion?
• What is the tumor growth in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary tree called?
• Leriche syndrome results from occlusion of which segment of the aorta?
• Hashimoto Disease is the most common cause of which thyroid condition?
• Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with which anatomical variant?
• Portal vein aneurysm is most commonly located at the junction of which vessels?
• Cullen sign is characterized by hemorrhagic discoloration around which area?
• Nutcracker syndrome leads to which venous finding?
• Which substance neutralizes gastric acid in pancreatic juice?
• Which nuclear medicine test determines if a thyroid mass is hot or cold?
• Which type of endoleak is characterized by retrograde flow into the native space from the lumbar artery or IMA?
• Which bilirubin form is associated with bilirubin plus albumin?
• Which structure is the extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal sac?
• Which imaging characteristic is commonly associated with adrenal cortical cancer?
• Wheel-spoke vascularity on ultrasound is associated with which condition?
• Which structure is the remnant of the umbilical vein and separates the left lobe into medial and lateral parts?
• Which condition is described as fusion at the lower poles of the kidneys?
• Red pulp contains venous sinuses filled with blood and cords of Billroth.
• Blood within the biliary tree is termed what?
• Intussusception most commonly presents in which age range?
• In the hand, which tumor is the second most common?
• Benign pancreatic lesion composed of beta cells that may develop in the duct causing obstruction and appears as a solid mass with posterior enhancement is known as?
• Which laboratory finding is listed as associated with spleen cancer in the source?
• Aberrant Tissue is composed of which cells?
• The red pulp accounts for what percentage of splenic tissue?
• Peliosis hepatis is associated with which of the following conditions?
• Curved structure lying posterior lateral to the testicle?
• What is the ultrasound threshold that suggests acute appendicitis based on appendiceal diameter?
• Which germ cell tumor contains two or more histologic types, with teratoma and Embryonal Cell Carcinoma being the most common combination?
• What is the most common complication of cystic fibrosis?
• Cholangiocarcinoma most commonly occurs in which bile ducts?
• Choledochal cyst is best described as which of the following?
• Which scrotal pathology is associated with Cushing's syndrome and adrenal hyperplasia?
• Sjogren syndrome is associated with which autoimmune diseases?
• Biliary hamartomas are composed of which histologic pattern?
• In schistosomiasis-related liver disease, which late finding can develop?
• Which thyroid malignancy is the most lethal?
• A splenic cyst described as keratin-filled, echogenic with calcified walls and usually large (>10 cm) is called what?
• Which enzyme is the most sensitive indicator for alcoholism?
• Iliac artery diameter is normally within which range?
• In schistosomiasis affecting the liver, which complication may develop later?
• Which of the following is an indirect sign of liver shunt failure related to portal vein flow?
• Which muscles are posterior to the thyroid gland?
• Bosniak Type 4 corresponds to which description?
• What is the most common pure germ cell tumor of the testes?
• Communicating cavernous ectasia of the biliary tree is aka what?
• Newborn scalp hematomas are most commonly associated with vacuum-assisted deliveries.
• Milk of Calcium Bile is associated with which condition?
• Normal renal cortex thickness is greater than what value?
• What is the superior portion of the bladder called, and what covers it?
• Average splenic length is approximately how many centimeters?
• Which type involves dilation of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts?
• Barlow maneuver is used to test for which condition?
• Which complication of cholecystitis is defined by infection or gallbladder ischemia leading to tissue necrosis and may include intraluminal membranes?
• Which feature may be seen around the pancreas in pseudopancreatitis?
• Which CCAM type is described as multiple micro cysts that appear as a solid mass on imaging?
• Which agent may be administered to reduce bowel gas during ultrasound examination?
• AKA pancake kidney or discoid kidney refers to which renal anomaly?
• Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is associated with which pathophysiology?
• Type of dissecting aneurysm that involves the ascending aorta and is associated with Marian syndrome and is the least common?
• The isthmus of a horseshoe kidney crosses which relation to the great vessels?
• The splenic volume index (SVI) is calculated as:
• The best way to differentiate hepatic jaundice from obstructive jaundice is to measure which structure?
• Which benign hepatic tumor is strongly associated with oral contraceptives and glycogen storage disease?
• Situs ambiguous AKA?
• The Sandwich Sign refers to which imaging finding?
• An enlarged spleen with normal liver function tests but elevated indirect bilirubin is most consistent with which condition?
• In distal patellar tendon avulsion, the patellar tendon most commonly detaches from which structure?
• A liver mass with a hypoechoic rim on ultrasound is usually a?
• Ligamentum teres is also known as which term?
• Which description best defines a phlegmon in pancreatitis?
• The Gleason score ranges from 1 to 10.
• Which substance is produced by the liver and excreted by the kidney, increasing with decreased renal function, dehydration, starvation, and congestive heart failure, and decreasing with liver failure, pregnancy, and overhydration?
• What is the most common benign tumor of the spleen?
• Which prostate zone surrounds the proximal prostatic urethra?
• Tumor invasion of the portal vein is most commonly associated with which malignancy?
• Polycystic liver disease is inherited in which pattern, and do the cysts communicate with the biliary tree?
• Which finding is most characteristic of chronic pancreatitis on ultrasound?
• Hepatic hemangiomas typically appear on ultrasound as what?
• Because the intrasplenic arterial branches do not communicate, what is eliminated during splenic infarction?
• What is the most common benign extratesticular tumor?
• In Hashimoto Disease, ultrasound typically shows which texture?
• Calcifications commonly seen in the central zone of the prostate are called corpora amylacea.
• Which statement about liver abscess etiologies is correct?
• Which primary carcinomas are most commonly seen with splenic metastasis?
• Which property makes FNH distinct in nuclear medicine imaging?
• What is the most common form of leukemia?
• If the liver lies on the left and the stomach on the right, this condition is called
• In intussusception, the intestine most commonly telescopes into which segment?
• In stromal tumors, which is rare, may be malignant or benign, can calcify, and is usually bilateral and multifocal?
• A congenital anomaly where the IVC does not extend to the right atrium and stops in the upper abdomen is called ______.
• Which structure contains the rete testis?
• Which pancreatic enzyme is primarily involved in carbohydrate digestion?
• The aorta is posterior to the IVC until the level of the ______, where it is more anterior.
• Cholesterolosis is also known by which common name of the gallbladder condition?
• Which statement is true regarding acute tubular necrosis?
• Which protein produced in the liver helps regulate water distribution and osmotic pressure?
• Which fissure contains the left hepatic vein, falciform ligament, and ligamentum teres?
• Which cyst is commonly described as rare and can be single or multiple, sometimes containing septations or hemorrhage?
• Amebic abscess is caused by which type of organism?
• What is the site at which the distal convoluted tubule contacts the afferent arterioles and secretes renin?
• A benign cyst with echogenic foci with comet tail artifact and debris is most consistent with which?
• Pancreatic enlargement is defined when the AP dimension exceeds how many centimeters?
• What is the most common fungal infection of the kidneys?
• Which stool finding is classically associated with intussusception in children?
• Which pediatric liver tumor is characterized by a large solitary mass and typically has normal AFP?
• Postoperative renal transplant: a patient develops urine leakage and hydronephrosis due to ureter compression 1–2 weeks after surgery. What is the most likely collection?
• The SMV and SV join to form which structure?
• Portal hypertension is indicated when the portal diameter increases by less than what percent with deep inspiration?
• Gallstone ileus obstruction most commonly occurs at which part of the small intestine?
• Cortisol elevation due to pituitary ACTH overproduction occurs in which condition?
• Which is the most common variation of IVC anatomy?
• Ormond disease is another name for which condition?
• Which genetic disorder affects connective tissue of the heart, vessels, and bones, and presents with a tall, thin frame and long extremities?
• Sulfur colloid imaging shows hot uptake in FNH due to what?
• WBC count may be normal in which type of cholecystitis?
• Where is bladder diverticulum usually located?
• An AP thyroid measurement of ______ indicates enlargement.
• LFT used to evaluate the level of jaundice and monitor hepatitis and cirrhosis.
• What is the most common renal mass identified in the neonatal period?
• Congestive splenomegaly is most commonly due to which condition?
• Mucocele of the appendix on ultrasound is most characteristically associated with which sign?
• Which liver lesion may present with low-grade fever, leukocytosis, nausea, and normal LFT?
• Which statement best describes congestive splenomegaly?
• What is the most common location of ectopic thyroid tissue outside of the neck?
• Which condition involves twisting of a spleen due to misplaced ligaments, potentially causing an acute abdomen?
• Which clinical presentation is typical of a hepatic abscess?
• Extrascrotal testicular calcification (stone) is also known as what?
• Type II choledochal cyst is characterized by which feature?
• Which liver lesion is described as metastases and is the most frequent liver mass in cancer spread?
• Which postoperative complication is defined as an encapsulated lymph collection that occurs after renal injury or surgery?
• Which bilirubin form is increased with biliary tract obstruction?
• Mid measurement of the abdominal aorta is approximately which range?
• Which features are associated with malignant follicular lesions on ultrasound?
• Air within the biliary tree is known as which finding?
• Which condition may present as recurrent epididymitis and can involve multiple organs, with irregular, hypoechoic testicular masses?
• Which biliary pathology is defined by herniation of the thickened gallbladder wall forming pockets (sinuses) where cholesterol crystals can collect?
• Peliosis hepatis is characterized by which feature?
• LFTs elevated alone may indicate bone disease, pregnancy, or hyperparathyroidism. Which enzyme is elevated in this scenario?
• Which type of hepatitis is associated with hepatomegaly and the 'starry sky' periportal cuffing appearance on ultrasound?
• Which of the following best describes prerenal renal failure?
• The greater omentum extends from which structure to where?
• Which biomarker decreases with liver failure, pregnancy, and overhydration?
• What is the thickness threshold of the spleen when splenomegaly is present?
• Which statement best describes congestive splenomegaly?
• Which hormone is secreted by the endocrine function of the testes?
• Which fissure divides the caudate lobe from the left lobe medial segment and can be seen as a thin echogenic line on imaging?
• CA72-4 is elevated in which cancer?
• Which renal pathology is described by small, shrunken kidneys with increased echogenicity and compensatory contralateral hypertrophy?
• Which biliary pathology is defined by obstruction caused by a gallstone in the cystic duct compressing the common hepatic duct?
• What is the most common cause of cystitis?
• Which renal pathology is described as a gas-forming infection of the renal parenchyma?
• Renal anomaly in which kidneys fuse to form a round mass in the pelvis?
• Bosniak Type 1 corresponds to which description?
• Which biliary pathology involves a large gallstone passing into the duodenum to cause gastric outlet obstruction, typically with a cholecystoenteric fistula?
• In malignant splenic pathology, which ultrasound finding is listed as most common?
• Which stage of cirrhosis is typically associated with a smaller liver size and a coarse texture with nodules on imaging?
• How many Couinaud segments are there?
• Which fascia surrounds the kidneys, adrenals, and perirenal fat?
• Which enzyme digests carbohydrates?
• Which portion of the spleen is responsible for phagocytosis of hemoglobin?
• Pyogenic abscess is most commonly found in which hepatic lobe?
• Thyroid goiter is most commonly caused by
• Which statement about renal cyst septations is true?
• Ultrasound of the spleen in granulomatous infection most often shows which finding?
• An alpha angle below which value indicates dislocation of the hip?
• Acute mastitis most commonly occurs during which condition?
• Which structure contains the vas deferens, cremasteric and deferential and testicular arteries, pampiniform plexus of veins, lymph vessels, and nerves?
• Outpouching of a weak spot in the esophageal wall that can be mistaken for a thyroid mass is called?
• Polycythemia vera can cause splenomegaly due to which mechanism?
• Which measurement lies within the normal thyroid anterior-posterior range?
• Which adrenal gland is crescent-shaped?
• The double duct sign refers to dilation of which ducts?
• In Budd-Chiari syndrome, which venous structure is obstructed?
• Which description best fits a typical thyroid adenoma on ultrasound?
• Which condition is associated with splenic congestion and enlargement?
• In sickle cell anemia, which genotype shows early splenomegaly that progresses to atrophy?
• Puerperal mastitis is most commonly seen during lactation.
• Disorganized rearrangement of the abdominal organs is known as?
• What is the normal diameter of the main portal vein (MPV)?
• Hip dislocation refers to which situation?
• What is the most common location for the allograft in pancreas transplant?
• Normal parathyroid AP is which of the following?
• Which liver condition is significantly associated with cavernous transformation of portal veins and portal hypertension features such as ascites?
• The sublingual glands are located where?
• Which ultrasound finding is most characteristic of portal venous gas?
• Courvoisier gallbladder is most commonly associated with obstruction from which condition?
• Which pancreatic cystic lesion is commonly described as having debris and calcifications and being loculated?
• Which statement best identifies a syndrome associated with pancreatic cysts and visceral cysts including those in the pancreas?
• Ultrasound may show which feature as part of acute epididymitis?
• The cords of Billroth are located in which splenic component?
• Which lesion is caused by dilation of the epididymal tubules, usually in the head of the epididymis, containing spermatozoa and sediment, and seen in postvasectomy patients?
• Which ultrasound pattern is most indicative of testicular infarction due to torsion?
• Milk of Calcium Bile is described as which of the following?
• Which statement correctly describes subluxation compared with dislocation?
• Type of dissecting aneurysm that involves the ascending and descending aorta and is the most common?
• Which statement is true about pheochromocytoma?
• Which cyst is a cortical lymphatic cyst bulging into the central sinus and does not connect to the collecting system?
• What is the normal anterior-posterior dimension of the thyroid?
• Which region contains the loop of Henle?
• Among liver malignancies seen with HIV/AIDS, which is the most common?
• Encapsulated and well circumscribed is a feature described for which thyroid pathology?
• Which splenic component is primarily involved in filtering blood and contains venous sinuses?
• Shunt that connects the right hepatic vein to the main portal vein is known as which procedure?
• Which condition is caused by prolonged ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs and may be reversible if treated early?
• What term describes the normal arrangement of the abdominal organs?
• The abdominal aorta diameter threshold for surgical consideration is greater than which value?
• Chronic Renal Failure AKA is also known as
• Albumin is increased with which conditions?
• What is the normal wall thickness in non-distended bowel on ultrasound?
• Which genetic disorder can lead to renal cysts and is associated with multiple bilateral angiomyolipomas?
• What is the most common malignant cause of biliary ductal obstruction?
• Denonviller fascia separates which structures?
• Which autosomal recessive disorder is described as causing lipid-laden macrophages and often presents with an enlarged spleen >18 cm?
• Donor renal artery is typically connected to which artery?
• What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
• Which pathology presents as pus in the scrotal sac?
• Which statement best differentiates acute testicular torsion from epididymitis on Doppler ultrasound?
• What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
• The fissure dividing the left lobe into medial and lateral segments is described in which plane?
• On ultrasound, emphysematous pyelonephritis may present with a unilateral enlarged hypoechoic kidney and multiple echogenic foci with ring-down artifacts; what other sign is commonly seen?
• Which two markers together are most indicative of biliary obstruction?
• The most common cause of cirrhosis?
• Which statement is true about the Whipple procedure?
• The splenic vein courses posterior to which organ?
• Which portion of the spleen is responsible for the immune defense mechanism (immune response) of the body?
• Which enzyme is typically elevated within the first 3 to 6 hours after onset of acute pancreatitis?
• Which renal cortical tumor is described as a common, asymptomatic, echogenic, homogeneous, and well-defined lesion that may shadow or have calcifications?
• Which of the following is the most common presenting symptom of transitional cell carcinoma?
• What is the most common cause of splenic rupture?
• Which statement is true about the pathology of FNH?
• What is the most common primary malignant tumor of the pancreas?
• Direct bilirubin is increased in which of the following conditions?
• Which malignant liver tumor may exhibit a central scar and halo on imaging and is a hypervascular lesion with vascular invasion?
• Which body system demonstrates the most congenital anomalies?
• Which term describes the central portion of the kidney that houses the collecting system?
• What is the most common location of a dissecting aneurysm?
• Which artery originates from the external iliac artery and supplies peritesticular tissues?
• The ________ is the most anterior at the renal hilum
• Which bladder anomaly presents as a pouch-like outpouching of the wall and is often near the urethral orifice?
• Which pancreatic anomaly is a ring around the duodenum?
• Which hormone-secreting islet cell tumor pairs are commonly included?
• Which disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism with copper deposition in liver and brain?
• Which renal pathology shows bilateral renal enlargement with increased cortical echogenicity and prominent pyramids, with hypoechoic cortical foci suggesting ischemia or infarction?
• Which cells produce glucagon?
• Most common location for the allograft in pancreas transplant?
• Reaccumulation of ascites after shunt therapy indicates what?
• Osler-Weber-Rendu disease is also known as which condition?
• Which bladder anomaly is anechoic and connects the bladder to the umbilicus with no internal blood flow?
• Average splenic width is approximately how many centimeters?
• Which lesion is described as a 'Stealth lesion' and is usually solitary, less than 5 cm?
• Granulomatous infections are most commonly caused by which pathogens?
• What is the most common risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States (approximately 80% of patients)?
• Which symptom is associated with Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome?
• Which adrenal cortex layer synthesizes cortisol?
• Bosniak Type 3 corresponds to which description?
• Fibromuscular dysplasia most commonly occurs in the ______ 2/3 of the artery?
• Which organism is the most common cause of emphysematous pyelonephritis?
• Which renal anomaly is associated with improper ascent and fusion?
• Air in the scrotum caused by bacterial infection is called?
• A liver transplant in children is most commonly performed due to which condition?
• Most common fatal liver disorder in children?
• What is the normal ductal wall thickness?
• In a patient with a gallbladder present, the CBD is considered dilated when the diameter is greater than:
• The chronic pyelonephritis variant with small, shrunken kidney, calyceal clubbing, and cortical atrophy often shows what compensatory finding?
• What is the most common benign tumor of the spleen?
• What is the normal diameter of scrotal veins on ultrasound?
• Do the cysts in polycystic liver disease communicate with the biliary tree?
• Increase GGTP + ALP indicates what condition?
• What is the most common post-transplant fluid collection?
• What is the normal measurement for the CHD?
• Which organ is used as a landmark for identifying splenomegaly on ultrasound?
• Which liver lobe is most often spared or enlarged in cirrhosis?
• Normal bladder AP wall thickness when the bladder is nearly empty is less than what?
• What compensatory change may occur in the contralateral kidney in unilateral renal artery disease?
• White pulp accounts for about what percentage of splenic tissue?
• Which method is used for liver lesion localization and surgical planning?
• Hypersplenism leads to destruction of RBCs and is categorized as what type of anemia?
• Which treatment is commonly used for hyperthyroidism?
• Charcot triad is associated with which condition?
• Type II choledochal cyst is characterized by which feature?
• Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas most often occurs in which region?
• Milk of Calcium Bile is a term for which phenomenon?
• What is considered the gold standard imaging modality for diagnosing renal artery stenosis?
• A growth formation on the gallbladder wall indicating strong suspicion for a malignant mass when larger than a certain size. What size is associated with this suspicion?
• Which muscle is located anterolateral to the thyroid gland?
• ALT is a marker of hepatocellular injury.
• Which lesion is not encapsulated?
• Which type of endoleak is a leak at the graft attachment site?
• A high AST/ALT ratio is seen with higher ________ liver damage, such as in alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, and metastases.
• Which tumor can produce estrogen and cause gynecomastia?
• Obstruction of urine flow with a dilated collecting system describes which condition?
• The most common primary cancer to metastasize to the liver is described as which cancer?
• Lithotripsy is used to
• In the TRV view, the SMV is seen as a circular structure to the ______ of the SMA.
• Which finding is commonly associated with RCC on imaging, reflecting aggressive behavior?
• Which structure lies along the posterior aspect of the testis and contains ducts that connect to the rete testis?
• Average splenic length?
• Which artery originates from the external iliac artery and feeds peritesticular tissues, exhibiting high resistance (RI > 0.75)?
• Pyogenic abscess is caused by which type of organism?
• IVC on the left side of the abdomen and usually crosses anterior to the aorta is called ______.
• Which tumor is described as made of germ cell stromal elements?
• Which bladder anomaly is listed as an example after bladder diverticulum?
• Which substance produced from skeletal muscle breakdown is commonly used to estimate renal function (GFR)?
• Most kidney infections start in which location?
• Pus in the gallbladder with diffuse internal echoes that do not layer or shadow is most consistent with which complication?
• In portal hypertension, which vein commonly forms a portosystemic collateral along the esophagus?
• Which clinical sign is associated with torsion of the appendix testis?
• Which scoring system is used to determine the severity of liver disease and the need for transplant?
• In the United States, the majority of choledocholithiasis cases are due to stones that originate in the gallbladder and migrate into the duct.
• What structure connects the thyroid to the pharynx and regresses after the gland reaches its normal position in the neck?
• Where are fusiform aneurysms most commonly located?
• Extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal sac?
• LDH increases with liver damage due to cancer, cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis and is described as what kind of lab value?
• Which type of lymphoma is characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells and a bimodal age distribution?
• Which gallbladder anomaly is rare?
• Which renal region contains the renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron?
• Leriche syndrome occlusion leads to which clinical feature?
• What is the most common cause of TIPS stenosis at the hepatic vein anastomosis?
• Which cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in males?
• Hypersplenism causes excessive destruction of red blood cells, leading to which type of anemia?
• Esophagus lies posterior and medial to which thyroid lobe?
• Which formula yields the splenic volume index (SVI)?
• Which structure is described as the most common malignant tumor of the GI tract in standard medical knowledge?
• What is described as the most common solid mass of the liver in the provided material?
• The endocrine cells of the pancreas are known as which?
• Which term can describe either the CHD or the CBD?
• Renal atherosclerosis most commonly occurs in the ______ segment of the renal artery?
• Cavernous transformation of the portal vein describes formation of which structure?
• Which gland secretes alkaline fluid into semen?
• Calcification of part or all of the gallbladder wall, though rare, is characteristic of which condition?
• Wolman disease is best described as which inheritance pattern?
• Creatinine levels decrease with which of the following conditions?
• In a man aged 40–50 who is white, with normal AFP and elevated BhCG, and cryptorchidism as a risk factor, which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which condition is described as calcium deposits in parenchyma, appearing like stones, and is the most common example of calcium deposition in kidneys?
• Which condition features pus in the scrotal sac, often from rupture of an abscess, with thickened scrotal skin and debris-containing fluid?
• Narrowing at the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter with dilation within the kidney describes which condition?
• Which ligament forms the boundary between the caudate lobe and the left lobe medial segment (quadrate) and appears as a thin echogenic line anterior to the caudate lobe?
• The penis cancer most commonly diagnosed is:
• Dromedary hump most commonly affects the ______ kidney?
• Which dilation contains spermatozoa and sediment and is located in the head of the epididymis?
• Second most common urothelial malignancy after TCC?
• Which is the most common malignant tumor in pediatric patients?
• The second most common cause of renal artery stenosis?
• Which ultrasound feature is most suggestive of malignancy in a thyroid nodule?
• Which term refers to the cone-like thyroid variant protruding from the isthmus?
• Ormond disease is an alias for which condition?
• Which imaging feature is often seen in Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis?
• Most common cause of increased gallbladder wall thickness?
• Hemoglobin from red blood cells is passed to which organ for storage and bile production?
• Adrenal myelolipoma on ultrasound is typically described as which?
• Which thyroid lesion is most commonly encapsulated, slow-growing, and benign?
• Diverticulitis most commonly affects which segment of the colon?
• Sinusoids in the erectile tissue fill with blood during erection. Which erectile tissue is this?
• Which description defines a hydrocele?
• Which pancreatic tumor has greater malignant potential and appears as loculated cystic masses with debris and calcifications?
• What is the average splenic thickness?
• Which gland secretes mucous for lubrication?
• Which condition is defined by pus in the collecting system and can be accompanied by septic shock?
• Largest abdominal IVC tributaries.
• Which disease presents with weight loss, tremors, nervousness, and exophthalmos?
• In advanced sickle cell disease, imaging may show a spleen that is difficult to visualize and may appear bright with calcifications. This finding is most associated with which genotype?
• Which cancer is most likely to spread to the spleen?
• An increased diameter of the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein is an indication of which condition?
• The medulla contains how many renal pyramids?
• Which type of cholecystitis is not associated with gallstones and occurs more commonly in men?
• Acute pancreatitis is commonly caused by which of the following?
• Infantile Hemangioendothelioma normally occurs within which time frame?
• Most common cause for macro nodular cirrhosis?
• Which cancer is most classically described as the single most likely to metastasize to the spleen?
• What is the echogenicity of the superficial mucosa, submucosa, and serosa layers of the stomach on ultrasound?
• Partial or total obstruction of the cystic duct with the gallbladder enlarged and filled with sterile non-pigmented mucin, without gallbladder wall thickening or jaundice, describes which condition?
• Which term describes a gallbladder finding that is hepatized due to sludge?
• Adrenal Myelolipoma contains which elements?
• Hashimoto Disease is also known as which of the following?
• What is the normal width of the body and tail of the epididymis?
• Sludge in the gallbladder is defined as which of the following?
• Which testicular tumor is described as the most aggressive malignancy?
• Which enzyme is described as a nonspecific indicator of liver injury?
• Which structure presents as an echogenic curved line with reverberation artifact posteriorly between the two thyroid lobes?
• Adrenogenital Syndrome is also known as adrenal hyperplasia.
• Which statement describes a dissecting aneurysm involving both the ascending and descending aorta as the most common?
• Nutcracker syndrome involves compression between which two structures?
• Wolman disease is typically fatal in the first six months of life.
• WES sign is also known as which ultrasound sign?
• Abdominal wall thickness is considered abnormal when it measures more than which value?
• If alkaline phosphatase is elevated with bone disease, pregnancy, or hyperparathyroidism, which enzyme is implicated?
• The right adrenal gland lies medial to which structure?
• The most commonly performed operation to treat pancreatic cancer is?
• Which statement about direct bilirubin is true?
• Which splenic tumor is a primary malignant neoplasm arising from vascular endothelium?
• Triangular muscle that lines both sides of the spine from hips to mid back, seen posterior medial to kidney
• Where are the seminal vesicles located?
• What is the most common variation in hepatic vein anatomy?
• What is the hereditary hemolytic anemia commonly known as sickle cell anemia called?
• Bosniak Type 2 corresponds to which description?
• Newborn scalp hematomas are most commonly caused by which delivery method?
• The fissure dividing the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments is described in which plane?
• Pancreatic adenocarcinoma most often occurs in which portion of the pancreas?
• Which artery supplies 20% of all blood to the liver?
• In malignant renal tumors, RCC often presents in males as unilateral mass with flank pain and has associations with several hereditary conditions; which tumor best fits these features?
• Chronic hepatitis is defined as persistence of infection for more than how many months?
• Angiosarcoma of the spleen arises from which tissue?
• What is the normal splenic volume index range?
• The GB fossa forms the right boundary for the caudate lobe. Which term describes that boundary?
• Which thyroid disease is associated with hypoechoic areas on ultrasound?
• Hypernephroma, historically called Von Hippel-Lindau tumor, is now understood to be which renal malignancy?
• Fetal lobulation is considered persistent lobulation after which age?
• Which pancreatic pathology may present with ascites as a sign on imaging?
• Mesenteric ischemia is defined by stenosis or occlusion of at least how many of the three major arteries?
• Which condition is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism with excessive copper deposition in the liver, brain, and other tissues?
• Which artery courses along the testicle periphery and gives rise to centripetal arteries?
• On thyroid ultrasound, which dimension pattern raises suspicion for malignancy?
• Bacteria in the inflamed gallbladder with gas production causing a dirty shadow is known as which condition?
• Which sign is seen on ultrasound in pyloric stenosis?
• In sickle cell anemia, which genotype usually presents with splenomegaly and signs of infarction?
• What is the most common palpable breast mass?
• Which ultrasound finding supports acute appendicitis besides appendiceal luminal diameter?
• Which measurement lies within the normal thyroid width range?
• Splenic pathology in the United States is more commonly associated with which type of anemia?
• Which artery is considered the most tortuous in the human body?
• Splenic vein thrombosis with isolated gastric varices is most commonly seen with which pancreatic condition?
• In Addison disease, how does adrenal size typically change during disease progression?
• What is the normal wall thickness in distended bowel on ultrasound?
• Which type of hyperparathyroidism is most commonly associated with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and renal stones?
• The submandibular gland is located where?
• Which tumor is associated with endocrine imbalance due to hormone production?
• Pancreatic lesion described as cluster of grape-like cysts, external lobulation, thick walls, papillary projections, septations, calcifications, and posterior enhancement is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• Pulmonary sequestration is characterized by which finding?
• Which condition characteristically demonstrates ring-down artifact on ultrasound due to gas in renal tissue?
• Which lesion is best described as a well-defined intratesticular mass with a thickened or calcified wall and an onion-like appearance?
• Caput medusae refers to which clinical finding?
• Which organ is the largest within the reticuloendothelial system (RES)?
• Which biomarker shows the most significant increase in hepatocellular carcinoma?
• The Stensen duct carries saliva from which gland to the mouth?
• Which tumor is normally benign and can form in thyroid, adrenal glands, and salivary glands and occurs in men around 70-80 years old?
• Forms the right boundary for the caudate lobe.
• Which lesion is a benign fatty renal tumor that is often solitary and may be associated with tuberous sclerosis?
• BPH most commonly occurs in which prostatic zone?
• Acute Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal collecting system most commonly due to ascending bacterial infection and tends to be more common in which gender?
• Necessary for energy production and released into blood with liver cell damage.
• Galeazzi sign (Allis sign) indicates what finding in an infant?
• Which tumor is not primarily identified in the renal cortex but arises anywhere in the urinary collecting system, most often in the bladder?
• Which tumor is considered to have the most aggressive invasion into the tunica albuginea?
• Obstruction of hepatic veins by thrombus or tumor leads to which syndrome?
• Which description identifies a gallbladder anomaly involving two gallbladders that may share a cystic duct?
• Which statement about the renal medulla is accurate?
• Which artery supplies the epididymis and vas deferens and shows high resistance on Doppler?
• Which is the second most common gallbladder anomaly?
• Pneumocystis jirovecii is also known as which term?
• Which organ is targeted by brachytherapy in the context of prostate cancer?
• Which thyroid condition is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
• A key histologic feature of pancreatic pseudocysts is absence of epithelial lining; the wall is composed of fibrous tissue.
• Which hepatic condition is characterized by hepatomegaly due to poor venous outflow, commonly with congestive heart failure and a dilated IVC?
• Caroli disease is best described as which statement?
• Gaucher disease commonly presents with enlargement of which organ?
• What ultrasound findings are associated with torsion that has persisted beyond 24 hours?
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis features include which statement?
• Fifty percent of primary cancers that metastasize to the liver are carried to the liver by which vessel?
• Duplication of the gallbladder is defined as?
• Which is the most common congenital anomaly of the spleen?
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis most commonly occurs at the ______ and below.
• Which ultrasound finding is most strongly associated with acute cholecystitis?
• Sipple syndrome refers to medullary thyroid carcinoma occurring with which other conditions?
• What is the second most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
• Abnormal iron deposition in several organs can be inherited or due to hemolytic anemia. What is this condition?
• Which enzyme is typically elevated earliest after the onset of acute pancreatitis?
• Saccular cerebral aneurysm is also referred to as which term?
• Caroli disease is classified as which type of choledochal cyst?
• Which thyroid condition is characterized by heterogeneous texture with multiple nodules within the parenchyma and may show areas of necrosis?
• Which of the following is an imaging sign associated with hydatid cysts and is described as the water lily sign?
• Which zone was previously called the anterior zone?
• Where is the most common location of a pancreatic pseudocyst?
• Which structure includes Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus?
• Renal stone are often composed of calcium; ultrasound features include
• Which hormone stimulates pancreatic juice production?
• Which part of the bladder is covered by peritoneum when distended?
• The lesser omentum connects which structures?
• What is the most common bladder neoplasm?
• Type I choledochal cyst is defined as fusiform dilation of the CBD.
• AO Condition? Which condition is described by lack of tapering and a constant diameter along the aorta, potentially precursor to aneurysm formation?
• Liver abscess due to a fungal infection is most commonly called what?
• Which type of groin hernia passes through the deep inguinal ring and is more common in males?
• Which erectile tissues are covered by tunica albuginea?
• Which liver condition often presents with normal liver function tests?
• Which structure extends over the ends of the penis?
• Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas is typically microcystic when lesions are smaller than 2 cm. Which descriptor matches this microcystic form?
• Which of the following describes a liver ultrasound finding associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii infection?
• Which echo texture is commonly associated with a thyroid adenoma?
• Pneumocystis jirovecii is also known as which term?
• Average splenic thickness is approximately what?
• Which condition can be caused by iron and iodine deficiency?
• What is the primary goal when imaging a patient with pancreatitis?
• Small round thyroid microcalcifications are referred to as what?
• What is the most common cause of cholangitis?
• Which fissure divides the right hepatic lobe into anterior and posterior segments and contains the right hepatic vein?
• In the transverse view, the upper border of the spleen extends across the anterior aorta by more than 2 cm, representing splenomegaly. What is this sign called?
• The peritoneum is defined as which of the following?
• Pseudoaneurysms are usually caused by which factor?
• In horseshoe kidney, the kidneys are commonly located in which position?
• Which condition involves deposition of amyloid protein within vessel walls and liver involvement?
• Which tumor is majority associated with cryptorchidism and hypospadias?
• Gastrinomas are associated with which genetic syndrome?
• Biliary hamartomas are also known as Meyenbrg complexes.
• Normal bladder AP wall thickness when fully distended is less than what?
• Which component of pancreatic juice neutralizes gastric acid entering the duodenum?
• Priapism is defined as an unwanted, persistent, painful erection lasting more than 4 hours.
• Which artery branches into the proper hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery?
• Biliary sand or microlithiasis is AKA what?
• Which modality can be used to stage the degree of liver fibrosis?
• Which pancreatic lesion is described as a cluster of grape-like cysts?
• Amebic abscess is most commonly found in which hepatic region?
• Which measurement lies within the normal thyroid length range?
• Which gland secretes the alkaline component of semen and nutrients for sperm?
• Which sign is characteristic of an appendiceal mucocele on ultrasound?
• Which enzyme plays a key role in regulating sodium and water retention and blood pressure?
• Renal cyst septations that are less than 1 mm thick are mostly benign. Which option best describes this finding?
• Indirect bilirubin is the unconjugated form.
• Bacterial cholangitis is nearly always associated with which finding?
• Which structure carries pancreatic juice to the duodenum?
• Which renal cortical tumor is commonly asymptomatic, echogenic, homogeneous and well defined, and may shadow or have calcifications?
• Calcium deposits in the parenchyma, most commonly in the medulla/pyramids, are associated with hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, Wilson disease, and medullary sponge kidney and appear like stones. What is this condition?
• A rare, non-neoplastic scrotal mass composed of fibrous tissue that appears solid and hypoechoic or heterogeneous on ultrasound is called?
• Which part of the kidney contains the loop of Henle and the collecting duct?
• Which statement about Wilms tumor is true?
• Leriche syndrome classically presents with which finding in the lower extremities?
• Hyperparathyroidism that is associated with malabsorption syndromes is which type?
• Which lesion usually occurs adjacent to the porta hepatis and resembles a hemangioma?
• What is the term for the normal arrangement of visceral organs?
• Which type of liver abscess tends to form multiple small (<1 cm) lesions throughout the liver, described as a 'wheel within a wheel' pattern on imaging?
• Which finding indicates smaller kidney size commonly associated with vascular pathology?
• Which Doppler metric is invalid in patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm or extreme aortic velocities?
• Which inflammatory disease is associated with splenomegaly due to immune activation and cell clumping?
• Which sign is associated with pyloric stenosis on physical examination?
• Pseudocyst is a complication of which type of pancreatitis?
• Which storage pattern shows hypoechogenic parenchyma and prominent portal walls, with a 'starry sky' appearance?
• Medullary sponge kidney is associated with which of the following conditions?
• Is cirrhosis or hepatitis irreversible?
• There is no increase in which enzyme with an isolated biliary obstruction?
• Chronic Pyelonephritis is associated with urinary reflux and stasis and often begins in childhood; what is a common renal consequence?
• Which genetic syndrome is commonly associated with insulinomas?
• Which genotype is typically associated with the form of sickle cell disease that usually presents with splenomegaly and signs of infarction?
• Ultrasound findings in liver involvement by Pneumocystis jirovecii may include which finding?
• Which pediatric liver tumor is strongly associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?
• Subluxation of the hip is defined as which of the following?
• Which peritoneal folds at the porta hepatis surround the portal triad and contain the main portal vein, proper hepatic artery, and CBD?
• Which pattern of glycogen storage within hepatocytes is associated with hepatomegaly, increased echogenicity, and adenoma formation?
• Gallbladder wall thickening due to systemic conditions such as congestive heart failure or renal failure is described as which type?
• Which is the largest salivary gland?
• In prepubertal boys, what is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain?
• Which hormone increases in response to decreased urinary output and dehydration?
• Bile thickening occurs within which structure located in the gallbladder wall?
• What percentage of BPH occurs in the transitional zone?
• Which zone is the less common site for BPH?
• Large and coarse calcifications in the thyroid are generally considered which?
• Which renal tumor can appear as a hypoechoic solid mass with varied echogenicity and may resemble RCC?
• The parotid gland is located anterior to the ear and wraps around which structure?
• The double duct sign imaging indicates dilation of which structures?
• Insult between weeks 14 and 18 of fetal development, associated with UPJ obstruction, usually in males, unilateral, absent renal sinus, with risk of nephroblastoma formation describes which pathology?
• What is the normal INR range for patients not on blood thinners?
• Which cancer most commonly metastasizes to the bladder?
• Hyperinsulinism causing hypoglycemia in the pancreas is most commonly due to which tumor?
• AO Condition? Which term is defined as a focal dilation of the aorta?
• Which Bosniak category is a complex cyst with highest risk of malignancy?
• Which is the most common testicular tumor in patients younger than 2 years?
• Vesicoureteral reflux is most commonly caused by which of the following?
• What is the most common cause of micro nodular cirrhosis?
• Renal Cell Carcinoma is associated with several hereditary conditions; which of the following is one of them?
• A solid pediatric renal mass with potential hemorrhage is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• Most benign extratesticular tumors involve which structure?
• Months after renal transplant, a patient presents with an encapsulated lymphatic collection between the kidney and bladder. What is the diagnosis?
• Chronic renal failure is associated with which ultrasound finding?
• Transient arthritis is a common cause of hip pain in children and may present after which preceding illness?
• CCAM Type I is defined by which characteristic?
• Which pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?
• Weak splenic ligaments lead to the organ migrating to unusual locations and may cause torsion resulting in acute pain. What is this condition?
• What term describes a gallbladder anomaly with an internal septum dividing it into two chambers and may be partial or complete?
• Which statement best describes an acute splenic infarct on ultrasound?
• On ultrasound, wedged-shaped hypoechoic area with absence of flow and ascites is most consistent with which pathology?
• Which IVC anomaly is the most common?
• Granulomatous infections of the spleen are most commonly caused by which pathogens?
• Which nuclear medicine imaging uses tomographic imaging to evaluate the parathyroid and thyroid gland for malignancy?
• Which liver abscess type may appear as a uniformly hypoechoic mass with calcifications indicating late-stage disease?
• Which hepatic ligament suspends the posterior superior surface of the liver from the diaphragm and helps form the anterior and posterior margins of the bare area?
• What is the average width of the pancreas?
• Normal testicular AP measurement?
• Which structure appears as a target-shaped structure posterior to the left thyroid lobe?
• Hodgkin lymphoma commonly occurs in which age ranges?
• Islet cell tumors are most commonly located in which portion of the pancreas?
• In male pelvis, what is the fascia that separates the prostate from the rectum?
• Which scrotal pathology presents with blood in the scrotal sac, no increased vascularity on Doppler, and low-level echoes with septations?
• Which portion of the spleen is responsible for the defense mechanism (immune response) of the body?
• Distal measurement of the aorta is typically around which range?
• Biliary tree not connected to digestive system, no opening into the digestive tract describes which pathology?
• Which renal anomaly is described by the upper pole of the ectopic kidney fused to the lower pole of the other?
• The kidneys do not contain any ______ tissue?
• Infected aneurysm is also called which term?
• Ortolani maneuver is used to do which of the following?
• On ultrasound, which finding is most characteristic of acute cholecystitis?
• Chronic renal failure in dialysis patients with bilateral kidney atrophy and multiple cysts, little to no parenchyma, and increased RCC risk describes which entity?
• Islet cell tumors are typically hyperfunctioning endocrine tumors; they secrete hormones and are most commonly located in which region of the pancreas?
• Which condition is characterized by increased production of T3 and T4 and is commonly associated with Graves disease?
• Which liver pathology is caused by schistosomiasis?
• Fine and punctate calcifications in the thyroid are most suggestive of which finding?
• Categories of complex renal cysts developed using CT results are known as what system?
• Which two veins join to form the portal confluence?
• In the stromal category, which tumor is described as small (<1 cm), solid and homogeneous, with hypoechoic appearance and areas of hemorrhage?
• Staghorn calculi are best described as large branching renal stones occupying which parts of the collecting system?
• Urethra travels through which penile erectile tissue?
• Which procedure uses shock waves to fragment stones?
• What is the normal resistive index (RI) value for the kidney?
• Renal vein thrombosis is most commonly caused by which condition?
• Which tumor most commonly invades the renal veins?
• Autosomal recessive defect with dilated collecting tubules in pyramids with calcium deposition, associated with urinary status and multiple UTIs, and nephrocalcinosis describes which pathology?
• Aberrant Tissue location?
• Which abscess type is associated with a 'wheel within a wheel' appearance on imaging?
• An anechoic structure anterior to the pharynx and superior to the thyroid gland most likely represents which pathology?
• Which term describes a focal dilation of the aorta greater than 3 cm or a diameter increase greater than 50% between adjacent segments?
• Caroli disease is a congenital disease of the bile ducts with multiple cysts in the biliary tree and is associated with which condition?
• What structure separates the medulla from the cortex in the kidney?
• In the pelvis, the ureters course and lie which side relative to the psoas muscle and iliac vessels?
• Common iliac artery diameter indicating aneurysm formation is greater than what value?
• Inflammation of the bile ducts is called?
• Which postoperative complication typically develops 2 to 6 months after renal surgery and presents as an encapsulated lymphatic collection between the kidney and bladder?
• Which pathology is described as a congenital anomaly of the intrahepatic ducts and commonly presents in childhood?
• Pneumocystis jirovecii infection is most commonly seen in which patient population?
• Which ultrasound texture best describes Chronic Thyroiditis?
• Normal portal vein pressure value?
• Which tumor is typically associated with markedly elevated beta-hCG levels?
• Liver transplant complications are most commonly observed at which locations?
• Meyenbrg complexes refer to which hepatic lesion?
• Chronic pancreatitis is commonly associated with which finding in the pancreatic duct on ultrasound?
• Varicoceles are more common on which side?
• Which of the following is a sign of renal vascular pathology indicating changes to the affected kidney's echogenicity?
• In renal Doppler waveform analysis, what does ESP stand for?
• Congestive splenomegaly is also known as which syndrome?
• Sialolithiasis refers to stones forming within which structures?
• Which malignant tumor is a unique HCC subtype found in adolescents and young adults with no coexisting liver disease, normal AFP, and a large solitary mass encapsulated by fibrous tissue?
• Which cyst is typically located along the midline from the base of the tongue to the thyroid gland?
• What is the normal transverse diameter of the gallbladder?
• The most common cause of IVC dilation is ______.
• Which type of aneurysm is a localized round outpouching?
• What is the term for collection of abnormal dilated veins posterior to the testes that extend to the spermatic cord?
• Autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism characterized by excessive deposition of copper in the liver, brain, and other tissues?
• What is the most common congenital urinary anomaly?
• In Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, which pancreatic lesion is most commonly observed?
• Pattern of GGTP with ALT is most consistent with which liver condition?
• Which serum marker is commonly increased in the malignant liver pathology described that includes elevated AFP?
• Which splenic lesion is keratin-filled with calcified walls and typically larger than 10 cm?
• Which anomaly involves the head surrounding the second portion of the duodenum and may cause obstruction?
• Most common indication for pancreas transplant?
• Which organ is the largest organ of the reticuloendothelial system (RES)?
• Increasing vitamin K intake will decrease which liver function test value?
• Which tumor is described as a malignant connective tissue tumor commonly associated with HIV/AIDS?
• Chronic glomerulonephritis vs chronic pyelonephritis: which is more associated with proteinuria and kidney atrophy?
• Two renal pelvi with a single ureter describe which duplication type?
• Indirect signs of liver shunt failure include which of the following?
• What is the most common non-seminomatous germ cell tumor?
• Postrenal renal failure is most likely when there is obstruction of both kidneys, leading to which finding?
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily increases the level of which ion in the blood?
• Which imaging modality is used to stage thyroid cancer?
• In acute testicular torsion within four hours, which ultrasound finding is most typical?
• Renal fungal ball is also known as which term?
• A hematoma located outside the capsule, between the capsule and the liver or spleen (Morrison pouch) is called which type?
• What is the mesentery?
• Which gallbladder anomaly is the most common?
• Which condition features decreased production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
• Because the intrasplenic arterial branches do not communicate, what is eliminated during splenic infarction?
• Wilms tumor most commonly occurs in children aged which range?
• The cords of Billroth are located in which splenic tissue?
• In Cushing disease, the pituitary tumor leads to increased production of which hormone?
• Which renal tumor is most commonly seen in adults and is known for invading the renal vein?
• Increased levels of PTH with decreased serum calcium are seen in which hyperparathyroidism?
• Which ultrasound finding is most consistent with acute epididymitis?
• Sjogren syndrome affects which glands?
• The primary glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is which hormone?
• Focal Nodular Hyperplasia is best described by which imaging feature?
• Which type of hepatitis shows decreased liver size with diffuse increase in echogenicity on ultrasound?
• What is the most common tumor of the hand?
• Fatty liver disease can cause the pancreas to appear hypoechoic on ultrasound due to what mechanism?
• Which symptom is characteristic of mesenteric ischemia?
• Which term can describe either the CHD or the CBD?
• Caroli disease AKA
• Which Bosniak category is a simple cyst?
• Which of the following is a listed complication of acute pancreatitis involving the biliary system?
• Which finding is commonly seen around the testis with advanced scrotal torsion?
• What is the cone-like mass of thyroid tissue protruding from the isthmus, considered a normal variant?
• Medullary thyroid carcinoma is most characteristic for which combination of findings?
• On ultrasound, neuroblastoma may appear as which of the following patterns?
• After four hours of testicular torsion, which finding is most characteristic on ultrasound?
• The quadrate lobe is also known as which portion of the left lobe?
• A splenic cyst that is keratin-filled, echogenic, with calcified walls and typically larger than 10 cm is known as which type?
• Deposition of amyloid protein within vessel walls leading to organ failure is called which condition?
• Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor.
• Which diverticulum is located at the back of the throat and protrudes posteriorly or midline?
• Granulomatous infections can cause multiple echogenic foci in which organs?
• Which condition shows cortical scarring of the cortex due to chronic inflammation and urinary reflux?
• Which statement describes the growth pattern of cholangiocarcinoma?
• Peritoneal dialysis is performed by
• A type of hyperplastic cholecystitis characterized by a thickened muscularis layer of the gallbladder wall is called what?
• Which tissue forms the exocrine portion of the pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes into ducts?
• Which autosomal recessive disorder causes buildup of fatty substances in the spleen and liver, with splenomegaly often exceeding 18 cm?
• Milk of Calcium Bile imaging may show which of the following in the gallbladder lumen?
• What is the upper expanded portion of the ureter located at the hilum, posterior to blood vessels?
• What is the most common location of a splanchnic artery aneurysm?
• Which laboratory value increases when renal function decreases and urinary obstruction is present?
• Which term best describes the acute inability to remove metabolites from the blood, with ATN being a common cause?
• Crohn disease is best described as which of the following?
• Which descriptor corresponds to unconjugated bilirubin when paired with albumin?
• What is the average anterior-posterior diameter of the kidney?
• What is the most common benign lesion of the liver?
• Porcelain gallbladder is associated with an increased risk of which condition?
• Neuroblastoma most commonly presents in which age group?
• Which anomaly results from two embryonic pancreatic buds not fusing, leading to separate ductal systems?
• In secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure, what happens to serum phosphate levels?
• In patients on long-term dialysis, which disease presents with bilaterally atrophied kidneys and multiple cysts with little to no parenchyma?
• Emphysematous Pyelonephritis is a life-threatening infection characterized by gas formation in the renal parenchyma; which risk factor is strongly associated?
• In a liver shunt, the flow direction should be described as what?
• Kaposi sarcoma is a malignancy of which tissue type and is commonly associated with which condition?
• Which gallbladder condition is described as a thickened muscular layer of the gallbladder wall, a type of hyperplastic cholecystitis?
• Which imaging feature is associated with papillary necrosis?
• Serous cystadenoma is best described as which of the following?
• What is the most common splenic malignancy?
• Among islet cell tumors, which is the most common type?
• What is the rounded prominence on the anteroinferior aspect of the caudate lobe called?
• Which description best defines Sinus Lipomatosis?
• What size criterion distinguishes microcystic serous cystadenoma from macrocystic forms?
• Which lesion is described as a benign intratesticular lesion with a fibrous wall that may calcify and contains keratin?
• Which is the most common benign vascular liver tumor in infancy?
• Tunica Albuginea Cyst is located within which structure surrounding the testis?
• Which tumor is the most common bilateral testicular tumor and the most common secondary malignancy of the testes?
• The left adrenal gland lies posterior to which structure?
• Which type of choledocholithiasis forms within the duct due to bile stasis?
• Which finding on imaging is more typical of early cirrhosis?
• Which pancreatic tumor is the second most common islet cell tumor?
• Which tumor is the most common malignant tumor of the pancreas?
• Which biomarker increases with chronic renal disease and renal infarction?
• Sludge balls are also known as which term?
• Pheochromocytoma is composed of which type of cells in the adrenal medulla?
• Which gallbladder anomaly is characterized by a mid-section narrowing with no pathological significance?
• Pseudocysts can be demonstrated in association with which pancreatic condition?
• Which statement best describes extra-testicular cancers?
• Which description best defines a pseudocyst in pancreatic pathology?
• Which ultrasound features are typical of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma?
• Which hormone decreases the level of calcium in the blood, opposite the effect of parathyroid hormone?
• Gastrinomas are most classically associated with which syndrome?
• What is the most common cause of Cushing Syndrome?
• Adrenal adenoma is best described as which of the following?
• Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection associated with exposure to which animals?
• Which liver abscess type can present as a mass with internal septations resembling spokes of a wheel in its early stage?
• Which type of renal failure is associated with hypotension, volume depletion, or heart failure?
• Which is the most common bilateral testicular tumor?
• Which diagnosis is associated with cryptorchidism as a risk factor?
• PUV stands for which term?
• In children, which liver tumor presents as a solid echogenic mass that may have cystic portions and calcifications, and tends to invade hepatic and portal veins?
• Which germ cell tumor often presents as a large, heterogeneous mass with calcifications and cysts?
• Which fissure divides the left lobe into medial and lateral segments and contains the left hepatic vein, falciform ligament, and ligamentum teres?
• Klatskin tumor is also known as which of the following?
• Which enzyme increases with liver disease, post-hepatic biliary obstruction, alcoholism and drugs?
• Which hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and regulates fluid levels through changes in in water permeability?
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis is also known as what disease?
• Which laboratory finding is a hallmark of hemolytic anemia?
• Amebic liver abscess on ultrasound is typically represented by which features?
• Which type of aneurysm is characterized by circumferential dilation of the vessel wall?
• Which type of liver abscess is typically hypoechoic and presents as a fluid-filled complex mass with debris and may show gas-induced reverberation artifacts on ultrasound?
• Cystic dysplasia of the testis is often associated with which renal condition?
• Which imaging finding is listed as a renal vascular pathology sign related to the main renal artery?
• Which renal pathology is associated with UPJ obstruction?
• Which tumor is made of sex cord cells?
• Which statement best describes the psoas muscle?
• Which endoleak type is caused by retrograde flow into the native space from lumbar arteries or IMA?
• Extramedullary hematopoiesis refers to blood cell production outside the bone marrow.
• Proximal splenic vein to renal vein shunt is called what?
• When the bladder is distended, its lateral caudal margins are bordered by which structure?
• Shunt connecting the SMV to the IVC is termed what?
• Which technique is used to estimate thyroid tissue stiffness?
• The Phrygian cap describes which feature?
• What is the most common bladder pathology?
• Tunica albuginea creates an incomplete septum and provides support for testicular vessels.
• Ultrasound shows an onion skin appearance with an avascular interior; which lesion is this most characteristic of?
• The spleen extends past the lower pole of which organ when splenomegaly is present?
• Which group is described as more aggressive with visceral metastasis and elevated AFP and BhCG?
• Which adrenal gland lies medial to the spleen?
• Wilms tumor is associated with which syndrome?
• What is the ultrasound appearance of a chronic splenic infarct?
• Which is the most common benign breast neoplasm?
• Recanalization of which structure forms a portosystemic collateral seen with cirrhosis?
• Emphysematous cholecystitis tends to occur more often in which patient population?
• Which process is primarily mediated by the adrenal medulla?
• Which condition is the most common cause of papillary necrosis?
• The most common sign of renal artery stenosis is?
• Which biliary pathology is a precursor to cholangiocarcinoma?
• Which ultrasound finding is most consistent with an acute splenic infarct?
• PSA is produced by which cells?
• Which ultrasound finding supports a diagnosis of a thyroid adenoma?
• Fungal abscess is most commonly found in which patient population?
• Intrahepatic cholestasis is most commonly caused by which condition?
• A malignant tumor arising from the adrenal medulla in children is best described as which of the following?
• Which portion of the spleen is responsible for phagocytosis and breakdown of hemoglobin?
• In patients without a gallbladder, the CBD is considered dilated when the diameter exceeds:
• What is the normal length of the thyroid gland?
• The right branch of the celiac axis gives rise to which artery?
• Which thyroid cancer is associated with MEN2 (Sipple) syndrome?
• What size is described as large for an epidermoid cyst of the spleen in the material?
• Tubular Ectasia of the rete testis is most often bilateral and is associated with what?
• Reappearance of varices in a patient with a prior shunt indicates what?
• Direct bilirubin is the conjugated form of bilirubin.
• Crohn disease most commonly affects which parts of the GI tract?
• Which malignant tumor is described as a primary tumor of parenchymal cells that disrupts hepatocyte function, with elevated AST, ALT, ALP, and AFP, and often invades venous vasculature?
• Which thyroid condition is also known as subacute granulomatous thyroiditis and presents with painful hyperthyroidism in the first 4 to 6 weeks, along with hypoechoic areas on ultrasound?
• Which statement is not used to describe normal kidney size in the data?
• In ultrasound, which sign indicates splenomegaly when the upper border extends across the anterior aorta by more than 2 cm?
• What is the average length of the pancreas?
• Which statement about splenic angiosarcoma is true?
• Which cancer is considered the most lethal of all cancers?
• Which condition results from compression of the left renal vein by the superior mesenteric artery, causing venous stasis in the left kidney and left testicle?
• Which renal pathology shows greatly increased echogenicity, globular shaped kidneys, and decreased corticomedullary definition in an immunocompromised patient?
• Which statement best distinguishes an acute versus chronic infarct on ultrasound?
• Which zone is the most common site for cancer?
• Which of the following is a direct sign of liver shunt failure?
• Renal corticomedullary abscess is typically located at which region?
• An extension of the right lobe of the liver below the lower pole of the right kidney is called what?
• What is the most common splenic malignancy?
• Which description corresponds to unconjugated bilirubin (indirect) when associated with glucuronide?
• Which lesion is caused by dilation of the epididymal tubules, found throughout the epididymis, and contains serous fluid, anechoic?
• Which statement about Klatskin tumor is true?
• Which renal lesion is characterized by ischemia of the medullary pyramids and sloughed papilla in urine?
• Where does retroperitoneal fibrosis most commonly occur?
• Mycotic aneurysms are associated with which infection?
• Which two primary carcinomas are most commonly seen with splenic metastasis?
• Which statement about the fibromuscular zone is true?
• Bulging calyx that appears as a cyst is called which renal cyst type?
• Which renal pathology is autosomal recessive and commonly associated with hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension in juvenile form?
• In transverse thyroid imaging, which vessel is typically lateral to the thyroid lobe and compressible on ultrasound?
• BPH begins as early as what age?
• Elevated PTH can lead to reduced storage of which vitamin, contributing to secondary hyperparathyroidism?
• Which cysts are renal lymphatic cysts in the central sinus and are usually multiple?
• In a duplicated collecting system, the ridge of renal cortex separating the two renal pelvi is called?
• Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is associated with which splenic lesion?
• The Wharton duct carries saliva from which gland into the mouth?
• Renal anomaly where kidneys fuse on one side of the spine, with the upper pole of the ectopic kidney fused to the lower pole of the other?
• Limy bile is another term for which condition?
• Caroli disease is often associated with which hepatic histology finding?
• Which ultrasound pattern is associated with leukemia involvement of the testis?
• The remnant of the Müllerian duct is known as what structure and is typically located between the superior pole and the epididymal head?
• Which benign lesion is often described as a cold nodule on imaging?
• Posterior acoustic enhancement on ultrasound is a typical feature of which pancreatic lesion?
• Adrenal glands are commonly affected by which type of lymphoma?
• The combination of signs including caput medusae, cavernous transformation, esophageal varices, ascites, hemorrhoids, dilated left gastric vein, recanalized umbilical vein, monophasic hepatic veins, and splenomegaly is most characteristic of which condition?
• Intussusception: Most commonly occurs at which anatomic junction on ultrasound findings?
• The Gleason score is used to classify prostate cancer on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 representing the most aggressive disease.
• Which statement best describes pancreas divisum?
• Schistosomiasis-related intrahepatic portal venous involvement may include which finding?
• Which gallbladder anomaly is described as Bilobar (septated) with potential for stone formation?
• Which statement correctly describes neuroblastoma as it pertains to pediatric abdominal tumors?
• Gaucher disease description includes an enlarged spleen; which organs are primarily affected?
• Which statement correctly matches nodular type with its common cause?
• What is the most common parasitic infection in humans?
• Which endoleak type is described as a leak at the graft attachment site?
• Dilation of the IVC is most commonly seen in which condition?
• Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by enzyme deficiency causing lipid buildup. Which two organs are classically enlarged?
• Gonadoblastoma is a gonadal stromal tumor that commonly occurs with cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Which option best reflects this condition?
• What is the normal INR range for patients on blood thinners?
• CA125 elevations are associated with which cancers?
• Within the walls of the hepatic sinusoids that phagocytize bacteria and foreign material, which cells are they?
• Which type of hyperparathyroidism is most common?
• CCAM Type II is characterized by which of the following?
• What is the most common location for a choledocholithiasis?
• Which blood parameter increases with renal failure, arthritis, hypothyroidism, metastatic cancer, alcoholism, or chemotherapy?
• Which velocity criterion indicates liver shunt failure?
• A Reidel lobe is an extension of which hepatic lobe?
• Obstructive jaundice is caused by which condition?
• Which of the following describes extramedullary hematopoiesis?
• Which adrenal cortex layer secretes estrogens and androgens?
• Normal testicular length?
• Indiract inguinal hernia is which of the following?
• What structure separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
• Which lesion presents with a well defined hypoechoic mass, thickened or calcified wall, and an 'onion' appearance internally?
• What is the most common malignancy in men aged 15 to 35?
• Which components make up the Charcot triad?
• Which post-transplant fluid collection is most commonly seen on imaging?
• Portal venous gas is typically seen in which region of the liver on ultrasound?
• Which glycogen storage pattern is associated with hepatomegaly and increased echogenicity in the liver?
• What is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling?
• In MEN syndromes, which type of hyperparathyroidism is most commonly implicated?
• Which muscle forms the scrotal raphe and separates the two testicles?
• Hemolytic anemia increases the risk of which gallbladder condition?
• Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex due to increased potassium levels in the blood and released by decrease in blood volume?
• The functional units of the liver are called?
• Which cyst is usually located at the lateral neck near the angle of the mandible?
• Whipple procedure is also known as which operation?
• CA125 elevations are most commonly associated with which cancers?
• Which statement best describes norepinephrine?
• Junctional parenchymal defect is most commonly seen in the ______ kidney?
• The most common cause of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is which condition?
• Which renal anomaly features fusion with an isthmus that lies anterior to the great vessels?
• Which bilirubin fraction is conjugated by the liver?
• Which ultrasound sign is pathognomonic for biliary atresia?
• Elevated AFP and BhCG are more likely with which type of tumor category?
• Which tendon is commonly ruptured in adults?
• Gallstone ileus describes mechanical small-bowel obstruction caused by a gallstone that has passed into the GI tract through a cholecystoenteric fistula. Where is the obstruction most commonly located?
• Choledochal cyst is more common in which gender?
• What is the most common fusion anomaly of the kidneys?
• What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) range in mL/min/1.73 m^2?
• Granuloma formation in the liver is most commonly caused by which pair of diseases?
• Which statement best describes malignant status of fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma?
• Where is the remnant of the Müllerian duct typically located?
• Which of the following is not a standard measurement for the testis?
• A lower AST/ALT ratio is seen with higher levels of which enzyme in acute hepatitis and nonmalignant hepatic obstruction?
• Which artery is considered the most tortuous in the human body?
• CA19-9 is associated with which conditions?
• Which finding on ultrasound supports epididymo-orchitis rather than torsion?
• Renal vascular calcifications are characterized by
• Malpighian corpuscles are associated with which splenic component?
• Cholangiocarcinoma can arise in which parts of the biliary tree?
• Which pathology is described as a benign cyst with colloid material and comet tail artifact?
• In a neonate with a unilateral renal mass and polyhydramnios, a large solid homogeneous lesion is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• On imaging, how can the spleen appear in the later course of disease?
• When performing power Doppler tracing of a liver shunt, you must use which adjustment to ensure accuracy, even on veins?
• Which extratesticular tumor is the most common benign lesion associated with vasectomy?
• The accessory pancreatic duct is also known as which duct?
• Priapism can be spontaneous or caused by certain medications.
• Which enzyme is increased in hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors, biliary obstruction, and Reye syndrome?
• Which describes cavernous transformation of the portal vein?
• What is the most common form of renal cystic disease in infants?
• Which gland is an endocrine organ and produces thymosin, a hormone important for T-lymphocyte maturation?
• The term for an aneurysm caused by infection is which?
• What is the normal width of the thyroid gland?
• Porcelain gallbladder is characterized by which description?
• Which imaging finding may be seen in hepatoblastoma?
• Which condition is classically associated with analgesic abuse, fever, pain, and hypertension?
• Two separate collecting systems and ureters describe which duplication type?
• Cushing Disease is described as which of the following?
• Fatty infiltration of the liver is also known as what, and what is the primary accumulating substance?
• What term describes a gallbladder anomaly with an internal septum dividing it into two chambers?
• Mumps most commonly affects which glands?
• A saccular cerebral aneurysm is commonly known as which term?
• What is described as the second most common primary malignancy of the testicles?
• Which tumor is usually benign but can be malignant and may contain tissues such as bone and cartilage?
• The ____________ is the most posterior at the renal hilum
• Portal venous gas is commonly associated with which conditions?
• The diameter of the inferior vena cava increases with ______.
• Which statement best describes the Courvoisier sign?
• Spermatic granulomas are a common benign extratesticular tumor as a residual effect of a vasectomy.
• Which nuclear medicine study with CT scan is used to stage thyroid cancer?
• A resistive index above 0.7 on Doppler suggests
• The length difference between the two kidneys should not exceed how many centimeters?
• Which scrotal lesion is described as extravasation of spermatozoa into tissues surrounding the epididymis, forming a solid mass that may calcify?
• Which condition is described as an autosomal recessive disorder with thick pancreatic mucus and exocrine insufficiency?
• The type of choledocholithiasis that consists of stones originating in the gallbladder and passing into the duct is called which type, and is most common in the United States?
• What is the ultrasound appearance of a chronic splenic infarct?
• Which lesion is formed from the remnant of the second brachial cleft?
• Which duplication type results in two complete collecting systems and two ureters entering the bladder?
• Which gland is endocrine, produces thymosin, and involutes with age after puberty?
• Which of the following is the most common solid lesion of the thyroid?
• Which renal anomaly results from kidneys not separating during development?
• Infection with Epstein-Barr virus commonly causes significant splenomegaly and is best known as which illness?
• Which ultrasound finding best characterizes hepatic congestion?
• Normal width of the head of the epididymis?
• White pulp constitutes approximately what percentage of splenic tissue?
• Which ultrasound finding is associated with acute hepatitis?
• What is the most common cause of intrinsic infrarenal acute renal failure?
• What is the most common type of cholangiocarcinoma?
• Which bladder anomaly is related to history of brain/spinal injury or malformation?
• Transitional Cell Carcinoma most often arises in which part of the urinary tract?
• In von Hippel-Lindau disease, what is the most common pancreatic lesion?
• Which sign helps differentiate epididymo-orchitis from testicular torsion?
• Which liver change does NOT displace surrounding structures on ultrasound (no mass effect)?
• What is the rarest type of germ cell tumor?
• Indirect bilirubin is increased in which conditions?
• Which sign describes swirling blood within the aneurysm sac?
• Bladder diverticulum increases infection risk due to what mechanism?
• Which adrenal cortex zone is primarily involved in cortisol regulation?
• Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) is elevated with what condition?
• Fournier gangrene is which of the following conditions involving the scrotum and perineum?
• Which veins drain blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava?
• What type of hypertension is characterized by severely increased systemic blood pressure?
• Indirect imaging signs such as the double duct sign and Courvoisier gallbladder are most suggestive of which pancreatic pathology?
• Peyronie Disease involves development of scar tissue and fibrous plaque formation that usually involves tunica albuginea, causing curvature.
• Which ligament attaches the anterior surface of the liver to the abdominal wall near the umbilicus?
• Which renal condition presents with unilateral renal enlargement, loss of corticomedullary definition, echogenic sinus, debris-filled calyces, and stag-horn calculi with hydronephrosis on ultrasound?
• What is the most common splenic abnormality?
• Enlarged lymph nodes can be seen in ultrasound with which thyroid condition?
• Which SVI value is outside the normal range?
• Which ultrasound sign describes the appearance of a dilated common bile duct and the main portal vein running in parallel?
• Pyloric stenosis is characterized by hypertrophy of which muscle?
• Renal fungal ball is most commonly associated with infection by which organism?
• Extramedullary hematopoiesis refers to hematopoiesis occurring at which location?
• Hartmann pouch is best described as?
• Peritenon is best described as which of the following?
• Which arteries are evaluated with Doppler to assess testicular perfusion and typically demonstrate low resistance, high volume flow?
• What is the most common site of metastasis for renal cell carcinoma?
• What is the most common reason for a pancreas transplant?
• Chronic hepatitis persistence threshold?
• Which pediatric renal tumor is associated with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome and presents as a solid mass that may show necrosis or hemorrhage and distorts renal parenchyma?
• Which testicular cyst is a benign lesion with a fibrous wall that may calcify and contains keratin?
• Which statement about albumin is true?
• Testicular cyst? Within the tunica surrounding testis; usually solitary and unilocular
• Which tumor marker pattern is typical for seminoma?
• Indirect signs of malignant pancreatic pathology include double duct sign and Courvoisier gallbladder. Which pathology do these signs most strongly suggest?
• What term describes a condition in which the inner layers of an artery become separated, allowing blood to flow between layers under high pressure?
• Which structure is located posterior and medial to the left lobe of the thyroid gland?
• What is the most common secondary malignancy of the testes?
• Most common exam indication for a testicle?
• Dilation of the intrahepatic ducts (Caroli disease) corresponds to which type?
• Which imaging finding is most characteristic of pyonephrosis: mobile, position dependent debris within the collecting system or other features?
• Which choledochal cyst type is dilation of the intrahepatic ducts only (Caroli disease)?
• In transverse view, which structure is an ovoid anechoic structure lateral to each thyroid lobe and usually lateral to the CCA?
• A solitary, well-defined, solid hepatic mass with varying echogenicity, usually hypoechoic, heterogeneous, and increased vascularity that appears similar to focal nodular hyperplasia is most consistent with which diagnosis?
• In the chronic stage, a hydatid cyst may appear on imaging as which finding?
• What is the normal diameter of the main pancreatic duct in the body of the pancreas?
• Graft material too porous and allowing blood through the fabric mesh describes which endoleak type?
• Exocrine function of the testicles is to produce what?
• Which statement about chronic cholecystitis is true?
• Milk of Calcium Cyst is a colloidal suspension of calcium salts and is caused by suboptimal drainage from which structure; and what is the imaging feature?
• A small sac-like aneurysm located in cerebral vessels is called which?
• Which gland is also known as the bulbourethral gland?
• Liver pathology with jaundice, hematemesis, portal hypertension, ascites, Kaiser-Fleischer rings, increased AST/ALT and bilirubin, decreased albumin, elevated copper, echogenic fatty liver is characteristic of which disease?
• Which statement about testicular adrenal rest tissue is true?
• In the hand, which tumor is the second most common?
• Most common location of undescended testes
• Which sign is a classic symptom of liver pathology?
• In AIDS patients, an enlarged spleen with elevated indirect bilirubin and normal LFTs is most consistent with which condition?
• Triangular cord sign on ultrasound is indicative of which condition?
• In the transverse view, the SMV is seen as a circular structure to the ______ of the SMA.
• Annular Pancreas encircles which portion of the duodenum?
• Which statement best describes medullary carcinoma?
• Vitamin D deficiency is commonly associated with which form of hyperparathyroidism?
• Normal testicular width?
• Chronic Thyroiditis ultrasound can show which texture described as heterogeneous, varied texture?
• Which structure separates the right and left lobes of the liver on the surface?
• A solid mass with posterior acoustic enhancement on ultrasound is most consistent with which lesion?
• Which aneurysm type is described as a localized round outpouching, may have a small stalk?
• What is the most common type of abdominal branch aneurysm?
• Which condition is characterized by urine moving from the bladder back to the ureters?
• Which is the most common type of lymphoma overall?
• Which benign liver lesion is hyperechoic on ultrasound and is associated with tuberous sclerosis?
• Which structure is involved in hydrocele formation?
• Pancreatic echogenicity changes with age in which direction?
• Surgical intervention for an abdominal aortic aneurysm is typically considered when the diameter is greater than what?
• Hemorrhagic pancreatitis is characterized by which process?
• What is the most common metastasis to the gallbladder?
• What is the most common primary malignancy of the liver?
• Which description best characterizes chronic testicular infarction on ultrasound?
• Which cancer is the most lethal malignancy of all types of cancer?
• Cortisol decrease is characteristic of which adrenal condition?
• Cholesterol polyps form on which gallbladder structure, linked to a specific biliary pathology?
• Cholangiocarcinoma arises from which tissue?
• Which hepatic ligament attaches the superior surface of the liver to the diaphragm and lies at the medial and lateral edges of the bare area?
• Which type of endoleak results from a defect in the graft?
• What is the ultrasound appearance of an acute splenic infarct?
• Which statement best describes caput medusae?
• Which structure is NOT contained in the left intersegmental fissure?
• Ectopic spleen AKA?
• Which finding is a vascular complication of acute pancreatitis?
• A benign pancreatic tumor composed of beta cells that may obstruct a duct is called what?
• The most common benign pancreatic tumor is ...
• Which type of pleural effusion is associated with malignancy, lupus, pneumonia, and tuberculosis and has high protein and LDH?
• Adrenal adenomas are typically smaller than which size?
• What is the most common cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst?
• Aldosterone is typically elevated in which condition?
• What is the proximal measurement of the aorta?
• Which malignant liver lesion can be single, multiple, or diffuse with solid nodules less than 5 cm, varying echogenicity with central scar, halo effect, hypervascularity, and vascular invasion?
• Albumin/globulin ratio decreases with which condition?
• Which ultrasound finding is most specific for torsion of the appendix testis?
• Which condition may present as irregular, hypoechoic solid mass in the testicle and can be diffuse?
• Which liver condition is typically irreversible?
• Adrenogenital Syndrome is another term for which condition?
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis is associated with which obstruction?
• Testes normally descend into the scrotal sac at ______ GA
• Kupffer cells are located within the walls of which hepatic structures?
• Efferent ducts form channels called the ________ that carry seminal fluid from testicle to epididymis.
• What is the formula for the resistive index (RI) in renal Doppler assessment?
• Which is the most common pediatric primary liver malignancy?
• Albumin is decreased with which condition?
• Ductal dilation and an enlarged gallbladder with no gallbladder wall thickening is most consistent with which condition?
• Echinococcal cyst is also known as which condition?
• What is the normal gallbladder wall thickness?
• Pheochromocytoma is most commonly which of the following?
• Which of the following is a listed complication of acute pancreatitis that involves free fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
• Sperm matures in the?
• Average splenic width?
• Which term is another name for Wilms tumor?
• Which renal pathology carries a risk of nephroblastoma formation?
• In distal patellar tendon avulsion, the tendon detaches from which landmark?
• Which renal component includes Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus?
• What is the most common cause of gallbladder wall thickening?
• Whipple procedure AKA?
• Which benign renal tumor can appear as a hypoechoic solid mass with varied echogenicity and may resemble RCC?
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by which of the following conditions?
• Caput medusae is which finding?
• Decreased levels of which enzyme are associated with permanent damage of the pancreas?
• Neuroblastoma is associated with elevated levels of which catecholamines?
• Which lesion is a small fatty tumor less than 5 mm in diameter with specific echogenicity to differentiate from cortex and sinus?
• Which tissue secretes pancreatic juice that contains trypsin, amylase, and lipase?
• Which scrotal pathology is associated with elevated bhCG, normal AFP, the worst prognosis among germ cell tumors, and can cause gynecomastia?
• What is the most common congenital pancreatic anomaly?
• In thyroid imaging, what does it mean if a lesion is described as 'cold'?
• Which finding indicates liver shunt failure?
• What is the most common site of obstruction by a renal calculus?
• Which spleen anomaly is described as the inferior portion located posterolateral to the upper pole of the left kidney and can mimic a mass?
• Which adrenal gland lies posterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
• Mycetoma is associated with which clinical setting?
• The lesser sac is best described as which peritoneal space?
• Which sign denotes hemorrhagic discoloration around the umbilicus due to intraperitoneal hemorrhage?
• Which term describes a cyst located in the tunic vaginalis?
• Which inherited renal disorder is associated with bilateral cyst formation, hypertension in about 75%, and berry aneurysm formation?
• Prothrombin time (PT) is increased in which condition?
• Which gland is drained by the Stensen duct?
• Which diagnosis is characterized by necrotizing infection of the perineum, scrotum, and anterior abdominal wall requiring immediate intervention?
• Aneurysms located suprarenal or juxtarenal are most likely to affect which parameter?
• What is the normal scrotal wall thickness?
• Which operation is most commonly performed to treat pancreatic cancer?
• Among pancreatic cystic neoplasms, which benign tumor has greater malignant potential than serous cystadenoma and is typically larger with loculations and debris?
• A common iliac artery diameter greater than which value indicates aneurysm formation?
• Transient arthritis in children is most likely to present as which of the following?
• At approximately how many weeks do the testes descend into the scrotal sac?
• Which statement best describes the cause of Adrenal Hyperplasia?
• Which endoleak type is defined by a graft defect?
• Which hepatic ligament attaches the anterior surface to the abdominal wall from the diaphragm to the umbilicus?
• Which feature is characteristic of Red Pulp?
• Which category includes Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, Granulosa cell, and Mixed tumors?
• A pancreatic pseudocyst is best described as ...
• A gallbladder filled with sludge that is isoechoic to the liver, making visualization difficult is called which?
• The most common major complication of biopsy of a solid abdominal organ is which?
• Which endoleak type occurs when the graft material is too porous?
• Which hormone is AKA adrenaline?
• What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
• What is the most common congenital neck cyst?
• Conn syndrome is best described by which statement?
• Which marker is reported as increased in testicular cancers?
• Most common reason for a pancreas transplant?
• The systemic fungal disease caused by bird and bat droppings, often associated with splenomegaly, is which?
• What is the most common solid renal mass in adults?
• Renal artery stenosis will cause which waveform feature to disappear or become more rounded?
• Which condition is characterized by low TSH and high T3 and T4?
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis is characterized by overgrowth of fibrous tissue around which structure?
• Hepatoblastoma is most commonly seen in which patient population?
• Which breast mass is most commonly malignant?
• Which statement about Sinus Lipomatosis is true?
• What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
• Which ultrasound finding is most consistent with a chronic splenic infarct?
• Which dissecting aneurysm type involves the descending aorta below the left subclavian artery and has the lowest mortality rate?
• Graf classification in pediatric hip ultrasound uses which two angles?